CHAPTER -II
IMPLEMENTATION
The project commences in the month of March 1999 with the appointment of the field investigator. The project was implemented in these distinct stages: -
In the first stage, a list of various courses offered by various I.T.Is was collected form the Directorate of Training & Technical Education, Delhi. Thereafter, the syllabi of these courses were collected. In order to find out the feasibility of in depth study of a few courses, the syllabi of all the trades were examined.
I.T.I offers various courses to the candidates having varied qualifications ranging from 8th passed to Senior Secondary level. The table 2.1 given below shows the title of the courses, the conditions of eligibility for admission and the duration.
Table 2.1
| S.NO | Trades | Minimum Admission Qualification |
|
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6
|
One year Engineering Trades
Sheet Metal Worker
Forger & Heat Treater
Plastic Processing Operator
Welder
Diesel Mechanic
Carpenter |
Passed Matriculation or its equivalent or 10th classes pass under 10+2 system.
|
|
7. |
Foundry Man ( Moulder ) |
Passed 8th or its equivalent
|
|
8.
9.
10.
11.
|
Tractor Mechanic
Steel Fabricator
Plumber
Scooter & Auto cycle Mechanic
|
|
|
12. |
Auto ElectricianDent Beating & Spray |
|
|
13. |
Painting |
|
|
14. |
Mason (Building Construction) |
|
15. |
Computer Operator (Programming Asstt.) |
12th class passed under 10+2 system or duly recognized Diploma in Engg. From any Polytechnic of 3 year duration after class 10th.
|
|
1.
2.
3 |
One year Non-Engineering Trades
Steno (English)
Secretarial Practice (English)
Steno (Hindi) |
Passed Matriculation or its equivalent or 10th pass under 10+2 system with English /Hindi as subject
|
|
4. |
Process Cameraman
|
Passed Matriculation or its equivalent or 10th pass under 10+2 system with Science (Phy. & Chem.)
|
|
5.
6.
7.
8. |
Beautician & Hair Dressing
Textile Designing
Commercial Art
Photographer
|
Passed Matriculation or its equivalent or 10th pass under 10+2 system. |
|
9.
10.
11.
12. |
Cutting and Tailoring
Embroidery & Needle work C.C.& Home Management
Book Binder
|
Passed 8th class or its equivalent |
|
13. |
Dress Designing
|
Passed 8th class with N.T.C in cutting & Tailoring Trades. |
|
14. |
Fashion Designing
|
|
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. |
Two years Engineering Trades
D/Man (Civil)
D/Man (Mech.)
Electronics Mechanic
Ref. & A/c Mechanic
Instrument Mechanic
Surveyor
Electrician
Wireman |
Passed Matriculation with Science (Phy. & Chem. and Maths.) or its equivalent or 10th class with science (Phy. & Chem. and Maths.) as subject under 10+2 system. |
|
9
10.
11. |
Business Machine Repair
Radio & T. V. Mechanic
Electroplater |
Passed Matriculation with Science (Phy. & Chem.) and Maths or its equivalent or 10th class with Science (Phy. & Chem.) and Maths as subject under 10+2 system.
|
|
|
12
13.
14.
15.
16. |
Fitter
Machinist
Turner
Machinist Grinder
Motor Mechanic |
Passed Matriculation with science (Phy. & Chem.) and Maths. or its equivalent or 10th class with Science (Phy. & Chem.) and Maths. as subject under 10+2 system.
|
|
|
17.
18 |
Pattern Maker
Painter (General) |
Passed 8th class or its equivalent.
|
|
|
1.
2. |
Three years Engineering Trades
Tool & Die Maker (Plastic & Moulding)
Tool and Die (Jig & Fixture) |
Passed Matriculation with Science (Phy. & Chem.) and Maths. to its equivalent or 10th class with Science (Phy. & Chem.) and Maths. as subject under 10+2 system. |
A perusal of the table given above shows that there are 49 trades taught by various I.T.Is located in the National Capital Territory of Delhi. 29 of these trades are of the duration of One year where as 18 trades are of the Two years duration. 2 courses are of Three years.
15 of these trades are offered to the students with 8th passed qualification where as 33 trades to High School passed student and remaining one course that is Computer Operator is for Sr. Secondary passed student.
On the basis of the review of the syllabi, 12 courses were identified which were thought to be taken up for detailed study to find out their feasibility in terms of admitting the blind students in these courses. Table 2.2 gives the title, conditions of eligibility and the duration of these courses.
Table 2.2.
|
S.No |
Title of the Course |
Condition of the eligibility |
Duration of the course |
|
1. |
Carpenter
|
10th passed |
One year |
|
2. |
Plastic Processing Operation
|
10th passed |
One year |
|
3. |
Book Binder
|
8th passed |
One year |
|
4. |
Plumber
|
8th passed |
One year |
|
5. |
Sheet Metal Worker
|
10th passed |
One year |
|
6. |
Scooter & Motor Cycle
|
8th passed |
One year |
|
7. |
Computer Operator
|
12th passed |
One year |
|
8. |
Stenographer (Hindi/English)
|
10th passed |
One year |
|
9. |
Mason (Building Constructor)
|
8th passed |
One year |
|
10. |
Radio & T.V. Mechanic
|
10th passed |
Two years |
|
11. |
Fitter
|
10th passed |
Two years |
|
12. |
Electroplating
|
10th passed |
Two years |
In the second stage, the Principal of seven I.T.Is were contacted to seek their cooperation in the implementation of this project. Table 2.3 gives the name and address of these I.T.Is and the courses offered by them
Table 2.3
|
S.No |
Name of the I.T.I |
Courses offered by them in different Trades |
|
1. |
Principal I.T.I, Pusa, New Delhi-12 |
Carpenter, Fitter, Plastic Processing Operator, Radio & T.V. Mechanic, Stenography, Computer Operator etc. |
|
2. |
Principal New Delhi-13 |
Plumber, Sheet Metal Worker, Book Binder, Scooter & Motor Cycle Mechanic, Electroplater, Computer operator, Carpenter, Mason etc. |
|
3. |
Principal I.T.I Sabzi Mandi, New Delhi-12 |
Fitter, Computer operator, Radio & T.V Mechanic, Carpenter, Stenography etc. |
|
4. |
Principal I.T.I Nand Nagari, Delhi-93 |
Fitter, Plumber, Computer Operator, Stenography, Plastic Processing Operator etc. |
|
5. |
Principal Jija Bai I.T.I Sri Fort, Khelgaon Marg, New Delhi-49 |
Carpenter, Stenography, Computer Operator, Radio & T.V Mechanic etc. |
|
6. |
Principal I.T.I Shahdra, Vivek Vihar, New Delhi-95 |
Fitter, Carpenter, Plumber, Scooter & Motor Cycle Mechanic, Stenography etc. |
|
7. |
Principal I.T.I, Jail Road Tilak Nagar, New Delhi
|
Fitter, Carpenter, Scooter & Motor Cycle Mechanic, Computer Operator, Stenography etc. |
The Principals of Pusa, Arab Ki Sarai and Sabzi Mandi. I.T.Is showed keen interest and expressed their willingness to cooperate in the implementation of the project.
On the basis of the detailed discussions with the Principal of the three I.T.Is. It was decided that the following eight trades were worth trying to study the possibility of admitting blind student after identifying and incorporating the needed modifications.
Accordingly, the detailed study commenced in the month of October 1999. In the first place, the Carpentry Trade was taken up for detailed study.
Initially, the vocational instructor of these I.T.Is showed resistance and expressed their difficulties in teaching the blind student. Therefore, these instructors were taken to Blind Relief Association, New Delhi and Blind People’s Association, Ahmedabad to gain first hand experience of seeing blind students learning technical skills in light engineering and Carpentry Trades as these organizations are offering technical training in these Trades.
The procedure followed for the detailed study is described in following paragraphs:
A Blind students with +2 qualification and having some technical training in light Engineering was appointed as second field investigator on the project. He was directly placed under the woodcraft instructor of I.T.I, Pusa for a period of 17 weeks.
He was taught by the instructor those operations which are included in the course of Carpentry trade Table 2.4.1 below contains the description of operation taught in this course. A structured observation schedule was used to observe the performance of the blind student. The purpose of observation was to identify the difficulties in teaching learning process of this trade. As well as the modification that will need to be made in the tools used in Carpentry work.
Table- 2.4.1 (Carpentry Trade)
|
S.No |
Name of the operation |
List of sub operation
|
|
1. |
Exercise in rule reading |
(i) Identification of Hand tools. (ii) Demonstration and use of measuring. |
||
|
2. |
Exercise in dividing a board into a number of equal parts with the help of foot rule and try square |
(i) Measuring of wood. (ii) Marking on wood. (iii) Division of woods into different parts accordingly. |
||
|
3. |
Exercise in sawing by holding a board in carpenter vices. |
(i) Marking on wood as per requirement. (ii) Clamping of wood into table vice. (iii) Sawing: use of different types of saw. (iv) Exercise on different cuts: cross cutting, curve cutting, oblique sawing etc.
|
||
|
4. |
Exercise in ripping on sawing horse |
(i) Knowledge of different types of files. (ii) Use of saw, horse, bench hook, and bench- vice. |
||
|
5. |
Planning of wood to a flat surface with the aid of winding strip and tools |
(i) Demonstration and use of planes. (ii) Setting of plan, holding, planning technique (iii) Planning face, side face, edge mark, (iv) Testing of accuracy- flatness, twist ness of surfaces. |
||
|
6. |
Planning face-edge straight and square |
(i) Use of straight edge, bench stop, try square, winding strip etc. |
||
|
7. |
Planning to size, width and thickness use of marking gauge. |
(i) Cross planning, edge planning etc. (ii) Use of marking gauge (iii) Grinding and sharpening of plane blades. |
||
|
8. |
Marking with pencil, marking gauge, try square & bevel. |
Nil |
||
|
9. |
Saw to mark across grain along grain Bevel and angles |
(i) Sawing to mark across the grain (ii) Sawing to mark along grain (iii) Sawing to angles & Bevel |
||
|
10. |
Use of back saws, tenon and dove tail |
Nil |
||
|
11. |
Marking with the use of face side and face edge. |
Nil |
||
|
12. |
Chiseling with the grain across the grain |
(i) Demonstration and use of different types of chisels (ii) Chiseling along the grain (iii) Chiseling across the grain |
||
|
13. |
Chiseling oblique vertical & horizontal |
(i) Chiseling vertical & horizontal & oblique etc. (ii) Grinding, Sharpening and Honing of chisel |
||
|
14. |
Chiseling of curved surfaces |
Nil
|
||
|
15. |
Marking boring and counter sinking holes for screws |
(i) Marking of points where the hole to be made (ii) Boring of hole (iii) Counter sinking of holes for screw
|
||
|
16. |
Holes for bolts using twist, center shell and expansion bits. |
(i) Making holes through twisting (ii) Holes making through centre shell (iii) Making holes through expansion bit. |
|
17. |
Boring across the grain, with the grain, diagonally |
(i) Boring (ii) Boring across the grain (iii) Boring along the grain (iv) Boring diagonally. |
|
18. |
Exercise in sawing, planning, chiseling boring for screwing |
(i) Sawing (ii) Planning (iii) Chiseling for screwing (iv) Boring |
|
19. |
Exercise in preparation of half lap joints. |
(i) Demonstration about the different types of joints (ii) Making of different types of framing joint including half lap joints |
|
20. |
Preparation of composite frame |
(i) Measuring of wood (ii) Sawing of wood (iii) Planning of wood (iv) Chiseling for half lap joints. (v) Jointing the all sides & marking frame.
|
|
21. |
Preparation of angle half lap joint |
(i) Measuring of wood (ii) Sawing & Cutting (iii) Chiseling in required angle. (iv) Preparation of angle half lap joint
|
|
22. |
Preparation of different types of tenon and mortise. 1. Through & housed tenon mortise 2. Stop tenon & mortise 3. Wedged tenon & mortise 4. Double tenon & mortise 5. Haunched tenon & mortise 6. Sloping or angle tenon & mortise 7. Twin tenon & mortise 8. Stud tenon & mortise 9. Dove tail tenon & mortise |
(i) Measuring & Marking (ii) Sawing & Cutting (iii) Making different types of Tenon & mortise such as: (a) Through and housed, (b) Stoped (c) Wedged (d) Double (e) Haunched (f) Sloping (g) Twin (h) Stud (i) Dove Tail : Common dove Tail, Single Dove Tail, Lapped Dove Tail, Secret or Miter Dove Tail, Use of Dove Tail joints.
|
|
23. |
Exercise preparation of different corner joints. |
(i) Measuring, Sawing, Planning (ii) Making different types of joints:- (a) Halving joints, Trenching and housing joints (b) Mortise and Tenon Joints, Bridle joints etc. (iii)Bonding of joints:- Simple butt, Related butt, Pocket Screw, Glued butt, tongue and groove butt joints etc. |
|
|
(iv) Lengthening of joints:- different types of scarf joints- Table scarf, Bevel scarf, Tension scarf etc. |
|
|
24. |
Exercise in preparation of office tray (straight sides) |
(i) Measuring, Marking, Cutting of wood (ii) Planning, Sawing & Chiseling (iii) Making required Tenon & Mortise for joint (iv) Constructing the required frame/ office tray.
|
|
25. |
Exercise in preparation of simple door. |
(i) Measuring, Marking, Cutting of wood (ii) Planning, Sawing & Chiseling (iii) Making Tenon-Mortise, Jointing of corner (iv) Making of simple door.
|
Similar procedure was followed in the investigation of difficulties faced by the blind student in learning other trades namely Plastic Processing Operation, Fitter Trade, Sheet Metal Work, Plumber Trade, Book-Binder Trade, Electroplating Trade & Scooter & Motor Cycle Mechanic, Table 2.4.2, table 2.4.3, 2.4.4, 2.4.5, 2.4.5, 2.4.6, 2.4.7 & 2.4.8 respectively shown various operations included in the course of each trade.
Table -2.4.2 (Plastic Processing Operator Trade)
|
S.No |
Name of the Operation |
List of Sub-Operations
|
|
1. |
Barrel Height Adjustment
|
(i) Familiarization with the Institute and knowledge about the Tools / Machines used in the Trade. (ii) Safety precaution and first aids. (iii) Measurement of current, Voltage, Power and Energy by using Voltmeter, Ammeter, Wattmeter and Energy-regulator. (iv) Fixing and Connecting of Electrical accessories such as: - Switches, Holders, Energy-regulator, Fuse, Plug sockets on T.W. Boards, Heating elements etc related to the machine. (v) Familiarization with the basic idea of Mechanical and Electrical system of Hand operated Injection moulding machine and its different parts and their respective functions.
|
|
2. |
Alignment of moulds sprue hole and nozzle hole.
|
|
|
3. |
Setting of barrel temperature
|
|
|
4. |
Mould clamping
|
|
|
5. |
Feeding of material in the hoper
|
|
|
6. |
Injection of plastic melts.
|
|
|
7. |
Hold on
|
|
|
8. |
Mould open and product ejection
|
(vi) Oiling, Lubricating and preventive maintenance of the machine (vii) Operating and controlling of hand operated Injection moulding machine followed by the main operations. |
|
9. |
Day light adjustment and clamping of mould
|
(i) Fixing and Connecting of Electrical accessories such as: - Switches, Holders, Energy-regulator, Fuse, Plug sockets on T.W. Boards, Heating elements etc related to the machine. (ii) Familiarization with the basic idea of Mechanical and Electrical system of the Hand Operated Compression moulding machine and its different parts and their respective functions.
|
|
10. |
Temperature setting
|
|
|
11. |
Mould open & Material Changing
|
|
|
12. |
Mould closing
|
(iii) Oiling, Lubricating and preventive maintenance of the machine (iv) Operating and controlling of Hand operated Compression moulding machine followed by the main operations. |
|
13. |
Curing
|
|
|
14. |
Mould open and product ejection.
|
|
|
15. |
Defleshing of the product
|
Semi Automatic Compression Moulding Machine
|
16. |
Mould clamping
|
(i) Fixing and Connecting of Electrical accessories such as: - Switches, Holders, Fuse, Plug sockets on T.W. Boards, Heating elements etc. (ii) Familiarization with the basic idea of Mechanical, Electrical and Hydraulic system of the Semi Automatic Compression moulding machine and its different parts and their respective functions. |
|
17. |
Temperature setting
|
|
|
18. |
Curing Time Setting
|
|
|
19. |
Mould open and material charging
|
|
|
20. |
Mould closing
|
|
|
21. |
Curing
|
(iii) Oiling, Lubricating and preventive maintenance of the machine. (iv) Operating and controlling of Semi Automatic Compression moulding machine followed by the main operations. |
|
22. |
Mould open and product ejection
|
Automatic Injection Moulding Machine
|
23. |
Mould clamping
|
(i) Fixing and Connecting of Electrical accessories such as: - Switches, Holders, Fuse, Plug sockets on T.W. Boards, Heating elements etc. (ii) Familiarization with the basic idea of Mechanical, Electrical and Hydraulic system of the Automatic Injection moulding machine and its different parts and their respective functions. (iii) Oiling, Lubricating and preventive maintenance of the machine. (iv) Familiarization with ‘Toggle switch’ and ‘limit switch no. 7’
|
|
24. |
Material Charging
|
|
|
25. |
Temperature setting
|
|
|
26. |
Shot weight setting
|
|
|
27. |
Speed setting
|
|
|
28. |
Distance setting
|
|
|
29. |
Pressure setting
|
|
|
30. |
Timer setting
|
|
31. |
Mould close
|
(v) Fitting of mould in the machine according to the requirement with the help of overhead crane, Mould setting injector, locking and cooling of mould adjusting feed of screw. (vi) Fitting and adjusting of nozzle, adjusting injector pressure and speed. (vii) Knowledge of different category Thermoplastic material and their uses. (viii) Operating and controlling of Automatic Injection moulding machine followed by the main operations. |
|
32. |
Injection
|
|
|
33. |
Refilling & Cooling
|
|
|
34. |
Mould open & Product Ejection
|
|
|
35. |
Deflashing / Trimming
|
|
|
36. |
Preventive maintenance of machine
|
Automatic Blow Moulding Machine
|
37. |
Mould setting
|
(i) Fixing and Connecting of Electrical accessories such as: - Switches, Holders, Fuse, Plug sockets on T.W. Boards, Heating elements etc.
|
|
38. |
Barrel setting
|
|
|
39. |
Temperature setting
|
|
|
40. |
Pressure Setting
|
|
|
41. |
Time setting
|
(ii) Familiarization with the basic idea of Mechanical, Electrical and Hydraulic system of the Automatic Blow moulding machine and its different parts and their respective functions. Oiling, Lubricating and preventive maintenance of the machine. (iii) Setting of die, Adjusting Mandrel turn, Controlling Parison, Adjusting thickness uniformity. (iv) Refilling of Air in the cylinder for the Blowing. (v) Use of Dry Air and Lubricated Air Operating and controlling of Automatic Blow moulding machine followed by the main operations. |
|
42. |
Parison Making
|
|
|
43. |
Mould closing
|
|
|
44. |
Blowing
|
|
|
45. |
Mould open and product ejection (stripping)
|
|
|
46. |
Deflashing
|
|
47. |
Loading of film roll
|
(i) Fixing and Connecting of Electrical accessories such as: - Switches, Holders, Fuse, Plug sockets on T.W. Boards, Heating elements etc.
|
|
48. |
Pressure setting
|
|
|
49. |
Temperature setting
|
|
|
50. |
Lamination of pages |
|
|
51. |
Trimming
|
(ii) Familiarization with the basic idea of Mechanical, Electrical and Heating system of the Lamination Machine and its different parts and their respective functions. (ii) Oiling, Lubricating and preventive maintenance of the machine. (iii) Operating and controlling of Lamination Machine followed by the main operations. |
|
52. |
Marking |
(i) Familiarization with the using tools / machine and equipments (ii) Marking out lines, gripping suitable in Vice Jaws, Hack-sawing to given dimensions sawing different types of fiber sheet of different sections. (iii) Chipping flat surface along a marked line. (iv) Filing Channel Parallel, Filing Flat and Square, use of Try square. |
|
53. |
Cutting by Fret-saw
|
|
|
54. |
Filing
|
|
|
55. |
Drilling
|
|
|
56. |
Toping
|
|
|
57. |
Thermoforming |
|
|
58. |
Riveting
|
(v) Marking according to position of holes finding centre of round bar with the help of ‘V’ blocks and scribing block etc. (vi) Marking and Punching / Drilling of holes on flat surface (through holes and blind holes) (vii) Forming internal threads with taps of standard size & preparing studs and bolts. (viii) Types of Rivet and their uses. Standard sizes of Rivets and Riveting Tools. Calculation of Riveting allowance (Pitch and Lap). (xi) Safety precaution and first-aid against Electric joints single and stranded Conductors (if necessary).
|
|
S.No |
Name of the Operation |
List of Sub-Operations
|
|
59. |
Preparation of mould surface
|
(i) Testing and Operating machine to determine tensile impact, Cognation and compressive strength. (ii) Location of stores concentration and testing of aesthetic property. (iii) Cup flow testing –identification of various plastic in relation to properties (iv) Laminating glass fiber polyester etc. (v) Casting of PVC, eporey etc. (vi) Fabricating acrylic sheet ABS-sheet, HIPS sheet, HMHDPE blocks etc. followed by the main operations. |
|
60. |
Preparation of moulding material
|
|
|
61. |
Moulding
|
|
|
62. |
Deflashing |
Extrusion Machine
|
63. |
Die-setting
|
(i) Fixing and Connecting of Electrical accessories such as: - Switches, Holders, Fuse, Plug sockets on T.W. Boards, Heating elements etc. (ii) Familiarization with the basic idea of Mechanical, Electrical and Hydraulic system of the Extrusion Machine and its different parts and their respective functions. |
|
64. |
Temperature setting
|
|
|
65. |
Alignment of accessories
|
|
|
66. |
Extrusion
|
|
|
67. |
Adjustment for die-swelling
|
|
|
68. |
Wind-up & cutting |
(iii) Oiling, Lubricating and preventive maintenance of the machine. (iv) Changing and cleaning of Screws in Extruder, Adjusting and Controlling temperature, Adjusting screen pad arrangement, adjusting variable speed, setting and adjusting die head for profile and film etc. (v) Operating and controlling of Extrusion Machine followed by the main Operations. |
Allied Trade – Fitter in P.P.O.
|
69. |
|
(i) Familiarization with the using tools / machine and equipments (ii) Marking out lines gripping suitable in Vice Jaws, Hack-sawing to given dimensions sawing different types of metals of different sections. (iii) Chipping flat surface along a marked line. |
|
70. |
Filing
|
|
|
71. |
Finishing
|
|
|
72. |
Drilling
|
|
|
73. |
Taping |
(iv) Filing Channel Parallel Filing Flat and Square, use of Try-square (v) Marking according to position of holes finding centre of round bar with the help of ‘V’ blocks and scribing block etc. (vi) Marking and drilling of holes on flat surface (through holes and blind holes) (vii) Forming internal threads with taps of standard size & preparing studs and bolts. Safety precaution and first-aid against Electric joints single and stranded conductors. |
Table 2.4.3 (Fitter Trade)
|
S.No |
Name of the Operation |
List of Sub-Operations
|
|
1 |
Measuring
|
(i) Familiarization with the using tools / machine and equipments (ii) Marking / Punching out lines gripping suitable in Vice Jaws, Hack-sawing to given dimensions sawing different types of metals of different sections. (iii) Chipping flat surface along a marked line. (iv) Filing Channel Parallel Filing Flat and Square, use of Try square.
Contd…. |
|
2. |
Gripping in Vice-Jaws
|
|
|
3. |
Hack -sawing (Cutting) by hand
|
|
|
4. |
Filing of sides & surfaces
|
|
|
5. |
Size making
|
|
|
6 |
Marking (Deep marking or punching)
|
|
|
7 |
Drilling
|
|
|
8. |
Chiseling (Cutting)
|
|
|
9 |
Taping
|
|
|
10 |
Threading |
|
11 |
Counter sinking
|
(v) Marking according to position of holes finding centre of round bar with the help of ‘V’ blocks and scribing block etc. (vi) Chiseling of Metal Sheet, Grinding. (vii) Marking and drilling of holes on flat surface (through holes and blind holes). (viii) Bore holes-spot face, pilot drill, enlarge hole, using boring tools make a bush. Step bore-cut recess turn bore diameter to sizes. (ix) Counter Sinking, Counter Boring, Reaming, Spot facing, Grinding, Cutting by machine (Hack-sawing) (x) Forming internal threads with taps of standard size & preparing studs and bolts. (xi) Safety precaution and first-aid against Electricity joints single and stranded conductors. |
|
12 |
Counter Boring
|
|
|
13 |
Reaming
|
|
|
14 |
Spot facing
|
|
|
15 |
Grinding
|
|
|
16 |
Hack sawing (cutting) by a machine
|
|
|
17. |
Channel making
|
|
|
18. |
Circular Cutting (concave and convex shape) in the corner of rectangular iron plate.
|
|
|
19 |
Fitting job (open square fitting of 25-mm side) in a rectangular plate. |
|
20 |
T- fitting job in a channel shaped plate of 10 mm border sides.
|
(xii) Making of different jobs followed by the needed basic operations such as: -
(a) Channel Making, (b) Circular Cutting (c) Different types of Fitting job (d) T- fitting job (e) In side square fitting (f) Size fitting of stair- shaped job (g) U- shaped size fitting (h) F- shaped size making of job
|
|
21. |
In side square fitting of 30 mm sides in a by square of 60 mm side.
|
|
|
22. |
Size fitting of stair- shaped job as per the given size 20 mm each of height & distance of the step |
|
|
23. |
U- shaped size fitting of the given job as per the size. Finishing |
|
|
24. |
F- shaped size making of job as per the given size.
|
Table 2.4.4 (Sheet Metal Work)
|
S.No |
Name of the Operation |
List of Sub-Operations
|
|
1. |
Planishing of sheet metal
|
(i) Familiarization with the Institute, Trade and using tools and equipments. (ii) Planishing of GI Sheet, Measuring and Drawing Simple Geometrical shapes, Marking and Cutting of G.I. Sheets to various angles and these shapes, Use of different types of snips, use of Wheeling and raising machine. (iii) Different types of cutting- Straight Cut, Right Cut, Left cut, Cutting off inside and outside cut, Cutting notches and cutting profiles. (iv) Folding, Bending, Seaming, Notching, Turing, Grooving, Edge Stiffening, Hemming, Wiring, Crimping, Swaging etc.
|
|
2. |
Marking
|
|
|
3. |
Cutting with different types of snip
|
|
|
4. |
Notching (corner cutting
|
|
|
5. |
Bending / folding
|
|
|
6. |
Jointing: - Lap joint, Groove Joint, Seam Joint, Long Groove Joint, Pen down Joint, Butt Joint etc.
|
|
|
7. |
Making holes with solid punches, round punches & hollow punches as per I.S.I
|
|
8. |
Making different types of container/ hollowing as Square shaped, Rounded, Round T-Pipe etc.
|
(v) Different Seams / Joints such as: - Grooved seam, Locked Grooved seam, Pane down seam, Bottom Lock seams, Corner Fold (Knocked-up seam) Corner Clip Lock, Double Bottom, Clip Lock (Cap Lock), Snap Joint, Lap Joint, Long Groove, Pen Down Joint, Butt Joint etc. (vi) Making holes with solid punches, Round punches and use of Hollow punches for making holes in G.I. Sheet. (vii) Making holes in G.I. Sheet using Punching Machine, Twist drill, use of hand and Electric drilling machine, Grinding machine etc. |
|
9. |
Making of holes with a twist drill in sheet metal
|
|
|
10. |
Riveting
|
|
|
11. |
Making of Dustpan: corner & handle riveted
|
|
|
12. |
Making of job: - Hollowing, Square tray, Taper tray, Funnel, Bucket, Heater (squares & rounded). etc.
|
(viii) Making different types of container / Hollowing such as: - Square Shaped, Rounded, Round T-Pipe Square tray, Taper tray, Funnel, Bucket, Heater (squares & rounded etc. (ix) Riveting, use of various types of Rivet heads, single chain riveted joint, Double chain and Zig Zag riveted joints.
|
Table 2.4.5 (Plumber Trade)
|
S.No |
Name of the Operation |
List of Sub-Operations
|
|
1. |
Cutting
|
(i) Familiarization with the using tools and equipments: Steel rule, Engineers square, Scriber and Dividers, Hack-saw, Centre punch, Calipers and different Files, Bench vice and Hand vice. (ii) Use of hack-saw, Centre punch filling to line Drilling Holes, Hammer-chipping and Grinding of Chisels, Cold Chisel, Round nose Chisel, Drilling and Taping making of studs and bolts. (iii) Filling a job flat and Square various Locking devices, Fixing of Check nut locking pins. (iv) Barzing of pipes and various sizes in different angles and tees. (v) Use of masons hand tools straight edge sprit level, Plumb bob, Square etc.
|
|
2. |
Filing
|
|
|
3. |
Threading
|
|
|
4. |
Taping
|
|
|
5. |
Pipe fitting as per drawing
|
|
|
6. |
Pipe fitting single line
Shower
fitting |
|
|
7. |
Pipe fitting: double line shower fitting
|
|
|
8. |
Sanitary fitting: Fixing of wash-basin, (Flat back type, Angular back, Pedestal type wash basin) |
|
|
9. |
Sink –fitting
|
|
|
10. |
W/C fitting: Indian Type
|
(vi) Fixing of gully traps, Floor Traps, Nanhi traps etc. Using bricks in cement mortar (vi) Cutting of pipes of different metals of different dimensions. (vii) Threading of G.I. Pipes, using pipe die of various sizes upto50 mm. Simple pipe connection using G.I. Pipes (viii) Layout of water pipe connection to the sanitary fitting using different types of valves / fittings, different Sanitary ware fitting (Wash-basin, Sink etc.) (ix) Installation of Indian Style and European Style W/C fitting, Urinal fixing. (x) Installation of Water meter and Water heater. (xiii) Main hole and Inspection chamber (Gutter type) making,
|
|
11. |
W/C fitting: European type
|
|
|
12. |
Urinal fixing
|
|
|
13. |
Fixing of gulley Trape (Mason related work at 1.5’ under ground level)
|
|
|
14. |
Practice of main hole & inspection chamber (Gutter type Chamber making)
|
|
|
15. |
C.I pipe jointing (led jointing)`
|
|
|
16. |
S/W pipe jointing
|
|
|
17. |
Water-meter fixing
|
|
|
18. |
Water-heater fixing (Geyser) |
(xiv) C.I. pipe jointing (led jointing), S/W pipe Jointing etc. (xv) Reconditioning of Taps, Valves, Flushing Tank, Testing for correct functioning. |
Table 2.4.6 (Book Binder Trade)
|
S.No |
Name of the Operation |
List of Sub-Operations
|
|
1. |
Folding
|
(i) Familiarization with trade and using Tools / Machine and equipments (ii) Cleaning, Lubrication and general maintenance of Machines and Tools / Equipments. (iii) Operation of hand folding standard folding upto 16 pages, Gathering/ Mixing and making up into books. (iv) Stitching, Thread / Wire stitching by hand / machine, Saving, Rounding and Backing, Tipping, Knocking and Counting. (v) End paper, Preparation and pasting ordinary and reinforced, Guillotine, Handling, Care and use, Cutting, Trimming. (vi) Pad making and Operation - Ruling, Perforating, Numbering, Eye letting etc. equipment used, their handling & operation, Flush binding, Work involving Perforating, Numbering duplicate and Triplicate copies.
|
|
2. |
Perforating
|
|
|
3. |
Gathering /Mixing
|
|
|
4. |
Sewing/Stitching
|
|
|
5. |
Rounding & Backing
|
|
|
6. |
Knocking & counting
|
|
|
7. |
Topping on end papers
|
|
|
8. |
Forwarding operation a) End papering b) Backing c) Doing paste down
|
|
|
9. |
Preparation of adhesive (paste making)
|
|
|
10. |
Cutting
|
(vii) File covering and Box making- simple exercises (viii) Adhesives making and its use (ix) Safety / Preventive measures. |
|
11. |
Edge decoration
|
|
|
12. |
Covering of books
|
|
|
13. |
File covering
|
|
|
14. |
Box making
|
|
|
15. |
Pad making
|
Table 2.4.7(Electroplating Trade)
|
S.No |
Name of the Operation |
List of Sub-Operations
|
|
1. |
To prepare salt solution of different salts according to the material of the job to be Electroplated.
|
(i) Familiarization with Trade and using Tools / Machines and equipments (ii) Practice on Connection of electric wires and Polarity test of D.C. supply, practice in connecting, measuring instrument such as voltmeter, ammeter and different electric accessories such as switches Wall Sockets, Lamp holder etc, and difference between series and parallel circuits, Measurement of Electrical power and energy by using energy meter etc. (iii) Some basic operation of Fitter Trade- Marking, Cutting, Cheeping, Grinding, Hardening and Tempering, filing, Drilling, Taping, etc. (iv) Cutting by different Snips, Bending, Riveting, etc. |
|
2. |
To set (fix), the job/ material to be electroplated on cathode
|
|
|
3. |
To set the metal (rod of the element) on anode which to be plated on the job
|
|
|
4. |
To connect the equipment with electric power
|
|
|
5. |
Time curing
|
|
6. |
Remove-out the material from the tank
|
(v) Verification of different Laws related to electrolysis. (Faraday’s, Jouls Laws etc.) (vi) Testing and identifying of acids, alkalies & salts. Mixing of electrolytes and use of hydrometers, different types of electroplating solutions first and antidotes for cyanide poisonings (vii) Setting up the plating Vat, Securing Vat rod’s position. Mixing electrolyte for copper plating and filling the electroplating vat for copper, Standard types of water to be used for Electroplating work. (viii) Cleaning articles before plating by scribing with emery paper, Wet sand, Scratch, Brushes, Wire wheels etc. Suspending anodes and cathodes in Electroplating vat surface preparation of Ferrous/Non- Ferrous metals and alloys before plating using Acid base cleaner etc. |
|
7. |
Buffing
|
(ix) Cleaning by means of tumbling and varnishing barrels. Preparing of suitable dips and pickles, removing of scales from surface of iron and steel cleaning metallic surface of oil, grease and dirty matters roughing smooth surface, preliminary electroplating, Cathode and Anode cleaning, operation on Buffing machine. (x) Safety and preventive measures related to the total electrolysis process of electrolysis. |
|
S.No |
Name of the Operation |
List of Sub-Operations
|
|
1. |
Identification of tools and equipments
|
(i) Familiarization with Trade and Tools and equipments used and their safety precautions. (ii) Fitting, use of Centre punch, Dividers, Calipers, Steel rules etc. (iii) General servicing of Scooter & Motor Cycle (Washing, Cleaning, oiling and Greasing), repair of Tubes of Tyre for leaks (iv) Inspection of Chasis Frame, Check and install of Bearing, Servicing of Shock absorbers, Retinue Eye Bushes, Repair and Assemble brake unit, adjustment of brake pedal, brake shoes for proper play. (v) Repair of Clutch unit, Relining Clutch plates, Overhauling of Gear box and its assembling. (vi) Overhauling and setting carburetor, Front and Rear Wheel.
|
|
2. |
General Servicing, Washing, Oiling and Greasing
|
|
|
3. |
Inspection of Chassis and Frame of Different bikes
|
|
|
4. |
Servicing of shock absorbers.
|
|
|
5. |
Servicing of Suspension
|
|
|
6. |
Handle Alignment
|
|
|
7. |
Maintenance & repair of Break
|
|
|
8. |
Hydraulic Break system
|
|
|
9. |
Repairing of Clutch unit
|
(vii) Setting of ignition timing and Cleaning of Spark Plug (viii) Overhauling and cleaning of fuel tank, Petrol Tap (Cock) etc. (ix) General repair work and Changing of Handle Alignment, Front Shocker, Clutch wire, Brake wire, Accelerator wire, Gear wire etc and its setting for proper play. Decarbonising of engine, repair of silencer, and wheels etc. (ix) Checking and change of electric wiring and bulbs and spark plug.
|
|
10. |
Gear –Box repairing
|
|
|
11. |
Repairing of Carburetor
|
|
|
12. |
Wheel repairing (Puncher etc) |
|
|
13. |
Decarbonising of Engine
|
|
|
14. |
Checking the part of Engine
|
|
|
15 |
Electrical Wiring
|
|
|
16 |
Repair of Magnetic Ignition System
|
|
|
17 |
Over hauling of fuel tank and petrol tape etc
|
Through an open discussion with the instructors their views regarding the difficulties the blind students will face if admitted in above courses were obtained. On the basis of the discussion an observation schedule was designed to identify the difficulties in learning these trades. A specimen of the observation schedule is given in Appendix I
On the completion of this work the same blind student was placed in the Plastic Processing Operator trade for a period of 14 weeks, in Fitter Trade 10 weeks, in Sheet Metal Work 2 weeks, in Plumber Trade 2 weeks, in Electroplating Trade 2 weeks, in Book-Binder Trade 3 weeks and in Scooter & Motor Cycle Mechanic Trade 3 weeks. This is shown in the Table 2.5
Table- 2.5
|
S.No |
Name of the Trade |
Duration of weeks
|
|
1 |
Carpentry |
17 |
|
2 |
Plastic Processing Operating |
14 |
|
3 |
Fitter |
1 |
|
4 |
Sheet Metal Work |
2 |
|
5 |
Plumber |
2 |
|
6 |
Elector-Plating |
2 |
|
7 |
Book-binding |
3 |
|
8 |
Scooter & Motor Cycle Mechanic |
3 |
In the third stage the performance of the blind students in learning various operations in different trade was observed with the help of the observation schedule mentioned above. On the basis of the difficulties experienced by the vocational instructor of these trades, a draft curriculum was prepared. The same was discussed at length in a two-days workshop held at Blind People’s Association, Ahmababad on 14th & 15th September 2001. The repot of the workshop and the final curriculum for the training of vocational instructors of I.T.Is are given in Appendix II & III respectively.
Limitations of Blindness
Lowenfield (1952) describes the difficulty in getting about as one of the measure limitations of the Blindness. The trades taught in the LT.Is could be practised either in a factory situation or on a freelance basis. In that case the workers may have to travel from place to-place and home-to-home. In a particular home/factory, also the work may have to be done in different places.
We have studied the feasibility of the operations that could be practised by blind and severely visually impaired peoples. It must be born in mind that their mobility limitations will not enable them to work as freClancers. They could work in a factory situation. More over in no trade can the blind perform all the operations independently. Therefore, they must be given work in a factory or workshop situation work and that to in a group or assembly line situation. This applies to all the trades identified as suitable for the blind.
Limitations of the Study
The study was limited to three LT.Is in Delhi. However, many, studies have shown that mechanical performance is largely culture free except genetic disposition. Therefore, we do not expect the results to be biased in favor of any particular region. It should be applicable to all regions of the country. It is important to bear in mind, however that the study is based on the performance of a single individual. While on an average the findings should applied to every average blind person, individual differences can not be ruled out. Moreover, the study has been made on a blind man. We do not know how well it will apply to blind woman.
Productivity is determined to a significant extent by the person's aptitude. Currently, there is no standardized test in India, specially designed to assess the mechanical aptitude of blind people. However, need based tools could be designed by LT.Is or by institution for the blind to assess mechanical aptitude of a blind person. Vocational rehabilitation centers of the Ministry of Labour could assist in this task.